PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian									100.5
						Middle Albian									106.2 *
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian									113
		Aptian				Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
						Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
						Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian									174.7
						Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
						Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian				Sevatian									208.5
						Alaunian									213.2 *
						Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian									227
		Carnian				Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian									237
		Ladinian				Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian									242
						Pelsonian									243.8 *
						Bithynian									244.7 *
						Aegean									245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian									247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Filipovian	276.5 *
									Saraninian	280.1 *
					Hessian				Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian			Sarginian	283.5
									Irginian	285.9 *
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				Irginian	286.1 *
									Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Nealian	Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
									Uskalykian	294.8
									Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli										Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani				433.4
		Telychian					Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian									Paibian		494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian					530.7
															538.8