PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Ordovician of Australia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian														MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														MN 16	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian														MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean														MN 15		3.6
																MN 14		4.2
																MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														MN 13		5.333
		Tortonian														MN 12		7.246
																MN 11		7.75
																MN 10		8.7
																MN 9		9.7
																MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian														MN 7 + 8		11.63
		Serravallian														MN 6		12.8 *
		Langhian														MN 5		13.82
		Burdigalian														MN 4		15.98
																MN 3		16.9
																MN 2		20
		Aquitanian														MN 2		20.44
		Aquitanian														MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Senonian			66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													Gallic			100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian													Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan											150
							Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan											176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan											184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran											188.9
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian					Warepan											208.5
							Otamitan											217
							Oretian											221
		Carnian					Oretian											227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan											237
		Ladinian	Etalian	238
		Anisian	Etalian	242
		Anisian	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian	Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian	Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian				Cathedralian	273.01
					Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
			Wolfcampian		Telfordian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
									Eastonian		Richmondian	449 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
									Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian											453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian							Yapeenian					467.3
									Castlemainian					468.5 *
									Castlemainian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
									Bendigonian						471.8 *
									Lancefieldian						473.5 *
											Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian									Tulean				477.7
											Stairsian				480.3 *
											Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
									Warendian					Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †										504.5
																		509