PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
								Monroecreekian					23.1 *
								Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan			Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								37
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian			Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian	Wordian								264.28
		Roadian	Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian								Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian								Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †		504.5
													509