PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of North America	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5					Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4							23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3					Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian											Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2					Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian											Bridgerian		47.8
													Wasatchian		50.5
													Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian											Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian											Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian	Midian			264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Permian 2		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	Bursumian †		Permian 1	293.52
		Asselian	Asselian	Bursumian †		Permian 1	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		Carboniferous 5	Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian				Stephanian A	303.7
				Missourian				Cantabrian	305 *
				Desmoinesian					305.9 *
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4			307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan				Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan				Westphalian A	318.4 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		Carboniferous 3		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Meramecian		Warnantian	Brigantian †		335.8 *
						Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
				Osagean		Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean		Ivorian		Carboniferous 1	346.7
				Kinderhookian		Ivorian			351.9 *
				Kinderhookian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian						Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Ordovician 5	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Eastonian		Kralodvorian		449 *
								Eastonian		Berounian		449.7 *
								Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4			453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
										Dobrotivian		458.5 *
										Oretanian		459.7 *
					Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian			Yapeenian			Ordovician 2	Klabava †				467.3
					Yapeenian					Arenigian			468
					Castlemainian								468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian								470
					Bendigonian								471.8 *
					Lancefieldian								473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Lancefieldian			Tremadocian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Warendian			Tremadocian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5					485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4					Series 3 †			497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3								Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3									509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1									529
															538.8