PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran				Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean		0.129
													Irvingtonian		0.21
						Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
													Blancan		1.4
						Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian								Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian									3
		Zanclean				Waipipian									3.6
						Opoitian									3.7
						Opoitian							Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
													Clarendonian		9.4
					Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian								Cenozoic 5					11.63
													Barstovian		12.5
						Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian									13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
													Hemingfordian		16.3
													Arikareean		18.5
						Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian				Cenozoic 4	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian									MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
													Whitneyan		29.5
													Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Cenozoic 3	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Kaiatan									36.7
													Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian									MP 16				37.71
						Bortonian									39.1
													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian								Cenozoic 2	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
						Heretaungan									45.7
													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian									MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
						Mangaorapan									48.9
						Mangaorapan							Wasatchian		50.5
						Waipawan							Wasatchian		52
						Waipawan							Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian				Cenozoic 1	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian									MP 6		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian											Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean						90.5
				Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
				Motuan						99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Late Albian	Cretaceous 4				100.5
				Urutawan	Late Albian					103.3
				Urutawan	Middle Albian					106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian					108.4
					Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian	Cretaceous 3				113
					Late Aptian					117.5
					Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian					139.8
					Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
					Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian							174.7
					Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
					Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian			Sevatian							208.5
					Alaunian							213.2 *
					Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian					Triassic 3		227
		Carnian			Julian					Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian					Triassic 2		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian							242
					Pelsonian							243.8 *
					Bithynian							244.7 *
					Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian					Triassic 1		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian							251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian							Permian 4	251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian								253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian						Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian						Longtanian †		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan								259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian								264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		Permian 1	293.52
		Asselian					Permian 1	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5		298.9
									300.1
								Stephanian	Stephanian C			300.3 *
									Stephanian B			300.9 *
									Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian					Carboniferous 4		Cantabrian			307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
									Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian B					314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B					315.2
				Westphalian A					317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2	Chokierian
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1			529
															538.8