PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian		Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Yushean		Late Pliocene	Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean								Yushean		Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean								Baodean		Early Pliocene			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian								Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian								Tunggurian		Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian								Shanwangian		Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian								Shanwangian		Early Miocene			15.98
		Burdigalian								Xiejiaan					16.9
		Aquitanian								Xiejiaan					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian											66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian													264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel										297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9		Kuzel
			Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare		Cayugan	419.2
				Kaugetuma		Cayugan	421.7 *
				Kaugetuma		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			Lockportian	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Raikkula					439.4 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8