PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian						Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian						Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan			Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian				Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian								To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian								To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10			Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian			Iverian	489.5
		Paibian			Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
					Mindyallan		Arcadian	498.4
					Boomerangian			499
		Drumian			Undillan			500.5
		Drumian			Floran			503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian		Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian		Stage 5 †			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian		Branchian			509
		Stage 4						510.8 *
		Stage 3						514
		Stage 3			Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
												538.8