PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene						Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene						Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									15.98
										Hemingfordian			16.3
										Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									27.82
										Whitneyan			29.5
										Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene						Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene						Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene						Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene						Bridgerian			47.8
										Wasatchian			50.5
										Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene						Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene						Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene						Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian				427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
									Aksaian		490.7 *
									Sakian		492.2 *
										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan				Topazan		Stage 5 †		Tuesaian		504.5
						Topazan						505.3
						Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †				509
										Toyonian		510 *
						Dyeran				Toyonian		511 *
										Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
						Montezuman				Atdabanian		515.6 *
						Begadean				Atdabanian		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian		521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
													538.8