PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
							Planulata							179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
							Kanense							181.3 *
							Carlottense							182.3 *
							Kunae							183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae							184.2
							Freboldi							185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
		Sinemurian												192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Vokhmian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								Vokhmian				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian					300 *
		Kasimovian			Xiaodushanian					303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun					305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
					Huashibanian					318.5 *
					Lousuan					321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian			Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean			Shangsian					330.9
		Visean			Jiusian					335 *
		Tournaisian			Tangbagouan					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan				419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran				422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †									504.5
														509