PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Cambrian Epochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
										Monroecreekian			23.1 *
										Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan			Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian					Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8