PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene					Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene					Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene									15.98
											Hemingfordian				16.3
											Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene									27.82
											Whitneyan				29.5
											Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene					Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian				Late Eocene					Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene					Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene					Bridgerian				47.8
											Wasatchian				50.5
											Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene					Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian				Late Paleocene					Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian				Early Paleocene					Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian				Early Paleocene					Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian				264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	Urzhumian				264.9 *
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
					Filipovian			276.5 *
			Pavlovoposadian		Filipovian			276.8 *
					Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
					Irginian			285.9 *
			Rusavkinian		Irginian			287.6 *
					Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian					303.7
			Khamovnikian					304.8
			Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Myachkovian					307
			Podolskian					308.9 *
			Kashirian					311.4 *
			Vereian					313.8
			Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian					315.2
			Cheremshanian					316.9 *
			Prikamian					318.6 *
			Severokeltmian					319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
			Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian			330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian			335.8 *
			Bobrikian			339.9 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian			346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian			351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian				Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Pusgillian	449.5
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
							Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
							Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian	467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian		Fennian			470
						Whitlandian			471.1 *
						Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian	Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
						Migneintian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Cressagian			480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †			504.5
															509