PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of North America	Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5					Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
														Hemingfordian			16.3
														Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4								23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
														Whitneyan			29.5
														Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3					Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2					Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian			47.8
														Wasatchian			50.5
														Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian												Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian							Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian							Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian							Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian							Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian							Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian							Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian							Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian							Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian	Midian			264.28
		Wordian	Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian	Murgabian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian	Permian 2		273.01
		Kungurian	Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian	Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian	Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian	Bursumian †		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian		Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean		Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian		Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Bolindian	Ordovician 5	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Bolindian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Eastonian		Kralodvorian		449 *
						Eastonian		Berounian		449.7 *
						Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4			453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
								Dobrotivian				458.5 *
								Oretanian				459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Yapeenian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †			467.3
						Yapeenian		Arenigian				468
						Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian						470
						Bendigonian						471.8 *
						Lancefieldian						473.5 *
		Tremadocian				Lancefieldian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian				477.7
						Warendian						482.8 *
						Warendian						Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian					Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian									489.5
						Aksaian									490.7 *
						Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Cambrian 4					Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian										500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			Cambrian 3							Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan											509
					Toyonian	Lenian †										510 *
					Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian			Cambrian 2								514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	Cambrian 1		529
																	538.8