PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian												MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												MN 16	Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian												MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean												MN 15			3.6
														MN 14			4.2
														MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian												MN 12			7.246
														MN 11			7.75
														MN 10			8.7
														MN 9			9.7
														MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian												MN 7 + 8			11.63
		Serravallian												MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian												MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian												MN 4			15.98
														MN 3			16.9
														MN 2			20
		Aquitanian												MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian												MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan													56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian				66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic				100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †			298.9
		Kasimovian	Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	445.2
					Richmondian	446 *
					Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian		450.4 *
				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian		453
					Turinian		453.7 *
				Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian						467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
					Stairsian					480.3 *
					Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian	Batyrbaian				485.4
		Stage 10								487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
						Aksaian				490.7 *
						Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian					503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian					Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan									Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
						Toyonian						510 *
						Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian						514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						521
																	525.5