PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
											Monroecreekian			23.1 *
											Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian												37
		Bartonian												37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Senonian						66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian			Gallic						100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †		Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
									Dalaun	305.8 *
										305.9
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian		Albertian †		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan		Stage 5 †					504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran		Stage 5 †					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran		Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8