PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
									Monroecreekian			23.1 *
									Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan			Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene		Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian		Bolindian		445.2
				Eastonian		449 *
				Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian		Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian	470
				Bendigonian	471.8 *
				Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian		Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian		Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian				509
		Stage 3	Branchian				514
		Stage 3	Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
												538.8