PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
									Hemingfordian			16.3
									Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									27.82
									Whitneyan			29.5
									Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene						Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene						Bridgerian			47.8
									Wasatchian			50.5
									Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene						Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene						Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
								Aksaian		490.7 *
								Sakian		492.2 *
									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian					Albertian †	Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Topazan			Stage 5 †			Tuesaian		504.5
			Topazan								505.3
			Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †					509
									Toyonian		510 *
			Dyeran						Toyonian		511 *
									Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3									514
			Montezuman								514.8 *
			Montezuman						Atdabanian		515.6 *
			Begadean						Atdabanian		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian		521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
												538.8