PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene															0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene															0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene												MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												MN 16	Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												MN 15			3.6
															MN 14			4.2
															MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian													MN 12			7.246
															MN 11			7.75
															MN 10			8.7
															MN 9			9.7
															MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												MN 7 + 8			11.63
		Serravallian													MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian													MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												MN 4			15.98
															MN 3			16.9
															MN 2			20
		Aquitanian													MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian													MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene															33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene															37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene															41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene															56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene															59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian				66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic				100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
							Cantabrian	305 *
								305.9
		Moscovian						307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
							Eastonian		Richmondian	449 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
							Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian									453
									Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian					467.3
							Castlemainian					468.5 *
							Castlemainian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
				Warendian							Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †							504.5
																		509