PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages	Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran						Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.129
											Irvingtonian			0.21
					Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											0.774
											Blancan			1.4
					Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Mangapanian							Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene		Waipipian									3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Waipipian									3.6
					Opoitian									3.7
					Opoitian						Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian						Pannonian						7.246
											Clarendonian			9.4
				Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene					Sarmatian						11.63
								Sarmatian			Barstovian			12.5
								Badenian						12.8 *
					Lillburnian			Badenian						13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian									13.82
					Clifdenian									15.1
				Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
											Hemingfordian			16.3
											Arikareean			18.5
					Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene		Waitakian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
					Duntroonian									25.2
					Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21					27.82
											Whitneyan			29.5
											Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian			33.9
				Arnold	Runangan									34.6
					Kaiatan									36.7
											Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						MP 16					37.71
					Bortonian									39.1
											Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian							MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
					Heretaungan									45.7
											Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene						MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					47.8
					Mangaorapan									48.9
					Mangaorapan						Wasatchian			50.5
					Waipawan						Wasatchian			52
					Waipawan						Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Teurian				MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene						MP 6		Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian			Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean							90.5
					Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
					Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	Late Albian						100.5
					Urutawan	Late Albian						103.3
					Urutawan	Middle Albian						106.2 *
				Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian						108.4
						Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian						113
						Late Aptian						117.5
						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian						139.8
						Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
						Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian						Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian						Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian						174.7
						Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
						Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian				Sevatian						208.5
						Alaunian						213.2 *
						Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian						227
		Carnian				Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian						237
		Ladinian				Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian						242
						Pelsonian						243.8 *
						Bithynian						244.7 *
						Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian						251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
														509