PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
				Hemingfordian										16.3
				Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Kekeamuan									27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian		Bumbanian								47.8
				Wasatchian										50.5
				Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	Gashatan									56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian	Gashatan									56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
							Planulata	179.3 *
							Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							Kanense		181.3 *
							Carlottense		182.3 *
							Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae		184.2
							Freboldi		185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Laibinian		Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian								Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian								Kuhfengian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian								Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian								Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian								Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian								Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian											300.1
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
														509