PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian										0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan										0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											3.6
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
												Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
												Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene											11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian										Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan		16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
					Monroecreekian									23.1 *
					Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Geringian									27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene											37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1								60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1								61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C				309.8
					Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B				315.2
					Westphalian A				317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2				Chokierian
				Arnsbergian				324 *
				Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
				Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8