PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran				0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.0117
				Chibanian									Sheridanian			0.129
													Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
												Castlecliffian				0.34
				Calabrian												0.774
													Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
												Nukumaruan				1.63
				Gelasian								Nukumaruan				1.8
				Gelasian								Mangapanian				2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian	Tertiary †				Mangapanian				2.58
							Villanyian					Waipipian				3
							Ruscinian									3.1 *
				Zanclean												3.6
												Opoitian				3.7
												Opoitian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian				Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
				Messinian								Tongaporutuan				7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
							Vallesian									8.7
													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
											Southland	Waiauan				11.04
				Serravallian			Astaracian									11.63
													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
												Lillburnian				13.05
				Langhian								Lillburnian				13.82
												Clifdenian				15.1
											Pareora	Altonian				15.9
				Burdigalian			Orleanian									15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
												Otaian				18.7
							Agenian									20
				Aquitanian												20.44
				Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian				21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
														Monroecreekian		23.1 *
														Geringian		24.7 *
												Duntroonian				25.2
												Whaingaroan				27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian												29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
											Arnold	Runangan				34.6
												Kaiatan				36.7
																37
				Bartonian												37.71
												Bortonian				39.1
													Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian												41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
												Heretaungan				45.7
													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian												47.8
												Mangaorapan				48.9
												Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
												Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
												Waipawan			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Thanetian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Selandian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
				Selandian											To3/To2/To1	60.9
Danian	61.6														To3/To2/To1
Danian	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
			Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian						86.3
			Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean			90.5
						Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
						Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
						Urutawan			103.3
					Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian			Korangan			113
			Aptian						117.5
			Barremian						121.4
			Hauterivian						125.77
			Valanginian						132.6
			Berriasian						139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
			Kimmeridgian						149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian						168.2
			Aalenian						170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
			Pliensbachian						184.2
			Sinemurian						192.9
			Hettangian						199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Wordian				Noginskian			264.9 *
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
			Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian			283.5
			Artinskian				Rusavkinian			287.6 *
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian				303.7
							Khamovnikian				304.8
							Krevyakinian			Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian				Myachkovian				307
							Podolskian				308.9 *
							Kashirian				311.4 *
							Vereian				313.8
							Melekessian				314.8
			Bashkirian				Melekessian				315.2
							Cheremshanian				316.9 *
							Cheremshanian			Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Prikamian				318.6 *
				Severokeltmian			319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian			Lousuan	321.2 *
				Voznesenian			Lousuan	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			Dewunian	323.2
				Protvian				324.4 *
				Steshevian				326.8 *
				Tarusian				329 *
				Tarusian			Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Venevian				330.9
				Mikhailovian				331.9 *
				Aleksinian				333.7 *
				Aleksinian			Jiusian	335 *
				Tulian				335.8 *
				Bobrikian				339.9 *
				Radaevkian				343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian		Tangbagouan	346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
Katian			445.2
Sandbian			453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †			497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
																1400