PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Precambrian of Russia	European Faunal Zones	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan					Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian					Rancholabrean		0.129
				Chibanian					Irvingtonian		0.21
				Calabrian					Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian					Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian		MN 17					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16				Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian		MN 15					3.2
				Zanclean		MN 15					3.6
						MN 14					4.2
						MN 14			Hemphillian		4.7
						MN 13					4.9
			Miocene	Messinian		MN 13					5.333
				Tortonian		MN 12					7.246
						MN 11					7.75
						MN 10					8.7
						MN 10			Clarendonian		9.4
						MN 9					9.7
						MN 7 + 8					11.1
				Serravallian							11.63
									Barstovian		12.5
						MN 6					12.8 *
				Langhian		MN 5					13.82
				Burdigalian		MN 4					15.98
						MN 4			Hemingfordian		16.3
						MN 3			Hemingfordian		16.9
						MN 3			Arikareean		18.5
						MN 2					20
				Aquitanian		MN 2					20.44
				Aquitanian		MN 1					22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
				Rupelian							27.82
									Whitneyan		29.5
									Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian					Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian					Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian					Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian					Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian					Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian					Bridgerian		47.8
									Wasatchian		50.5
									Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian					Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian					Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian					Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian					Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian					Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
				Campanian							72.1
				Santonian							83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
				Aptian							113
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian							125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
			Induan		251.2
			Induan		Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai		251.902
							252.4 *
					Chhidru		252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru		Longtanian †	254.14
					Kalabagh			255 *
					Wargal			256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
								265.3 *
					Amb			266.1 *
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb			266.9
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
			Jiangshanian			489.5
			Paibian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †		497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
		Series 2	Stage 3					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
											1400