PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian												Rancholabrean		0.129
				Chibanian												Irvingtonian		0.21
				Calabrian												Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian												Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean												Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian												Clarendonian		9.4
				Serravallian									Cenozoic 5			Clarendonian		11.63
				Serravallian												Barstovian		12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
																Hemingfordian		16.3
																Arikareean		18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
				Rupelian										MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
																Whitneyan		29.5
																Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian									Cenozoic 3	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian										MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian										MP 16		Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian										MP 16		Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian									Cenozoic 2	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian										MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian										MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		Bridgerian		47.8
																Wasatchian		50.5
																Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian									Cenozoic 1	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian										MP 6		Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian												Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian												Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian												Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian												Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8					66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7					72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6					83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		Cretaceous 4					100.5
											Middle Albian							106.2 *
											Early Albian							109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3					113
				Aptian							Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3					119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2					121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2					125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1					132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian							139.8
											Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
											Early Berriasian							142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5					149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
			Asselian			Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4			Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3			Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
						Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
						Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian			Ivorian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian			Hastarian			Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean				Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian				Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian				Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian				Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian							Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian							Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian							Ordovician 5	445.2
			Sandbian							Ordovician 4	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							Ordovician 2	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Ordovician 2	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ordovician 1	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Cambrian 5	485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
			Drumian							Cambrian 4		500.5
			Wuliuan				Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Cambrian 3					509
Stage 3		Series 2	Cambrian 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Wonokan †		571.7 *
																		635