PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan								27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Priabonian			Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian			Bridgerian		Bumbanian							47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian	Gashatan								56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian	Gashatan								56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian			Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
			Kanense					181.3 *
			Carlottense					182.3 *
			Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae					184.2
			Freboldi					185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras					196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Laibinian	Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian		Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian											300.1
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian		485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian		Series 3 †				497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8