PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian									100.5
						Middle Albian									106.2 *
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian									113
		Aptian				Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
						Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
						Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		Late Kimmeridgian									150
				Ohauan		Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
				Heterian		Early Kimmeridgian									154.5
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									164.3
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian									174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan		Late Toarcian									176
						Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
						Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									188.9
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
		Norian		Warepan		Sevatian									208.5
						Alaunian									213.2 *
						Lacian									216.7 *
				Otamitan											217
				Oretian											221
		Carnian		Oretian		Tuvalian									227
			Gore	Kaihikuan		Tuvalian									227.5
					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
				Etalian	Longobardian	238
					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
					Smithian	248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian	249
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Longtanian †		254.14
				Puruhauan				254.2
				Puruhauan				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Urzhumian				264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		Urzhumian				266
		Roadian				Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
				Mangapirian				Irenian/Ufimian		276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
				Telfordian				Sarginian		285
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
								Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian		Shikhanian		293.52
								Uskalykian		294.8
								Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian					Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani				433.4
		Telychian					Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian									Paibian		494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian			Drumian						Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian								521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian								529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian								530.7
															538.8