PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian Subages	Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene			Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene							15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
												Monroecreekian			23.1 *
												Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan			Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian						Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian						Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						37
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene		Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian						Late Paleocene	Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian						Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian	445.2
					Eastonian	449 *
					Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	470
					Bendigonian	471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian	477.7
					Warendian	482.8 *
					Warendian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian				489.5
					Aksaian				490.7 *
					Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian							494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian				Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan		Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							509
			Toyonian			Lenian †				510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †				529
															538.8