PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian												Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian												Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian												Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian												Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian									MP 16			Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian									MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian									MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian													66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan													72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian															293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian															298.9
		Kasimovian															303.7
		Moscovian															307
		Bashkirian															315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †		458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
			Dobrotivian			458.5 *
			Oretanian			459.7 *
				Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian				Ayusokkanian			Series 3 †	497
							Ayusokkanian				Arcadian	498.4
							Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian				Amgan/Solvan			Branchian			509
							Toyonian	Lenian †					510 *
							Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian						514
							Atdabanian						515.6 *
							Atdabanian			Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian						521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †					529
																	538.8