PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			European Faunal Units	Silurian of the Baltic	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of China			North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Villanyian												Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Ruscinian													3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Turolian													5.333
		Tortonian	Turolian													7.246
			Vallesian													8.7
			Vallesian											Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Astaracian											Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian	Orleanian													15.98
														Hemingfordian		16.3
														Arikareean		18.5
			Agenian													20
		Aquitanian	Agenian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
														Whitneyan		29.5
														Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian		47.8
														Wasatchian		50.5
														Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian												Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras											168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani		433.4
		Telychian							Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian									Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian									Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian									Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian									Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †								504.5
																509