PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian			Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian				Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian				Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian				Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian				Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean						Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Baodean									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
			Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian										11.63
		Serravallian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian	Shanwangian									13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
			Xiejiaan			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.9
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
							Monroecreekian					23.1 *
							Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan			Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian		Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian						To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian						To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
												509