PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of North America	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean						Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
			Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian								11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian	Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
			Xiejiaan	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.9
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
					Monroecreekian					23.1 *
					Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian								29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian								37
		Bartonian								37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian		Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran			Stage 5 †	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
										538.8