PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Permian of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Laibinian		Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian							Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian							Kuhfengian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian							Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian							Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian							Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian							Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian										300.1
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan			Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran			Stage 5 †	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4		Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran				514
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
												538.8