PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126002 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of China		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Hemingfordian										16.3
			Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian										47.8
			Wasatchian										50.5
			Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
								Stephanian B		300.9 *
								Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian		307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
								Westphalian C		309.8
								Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B		315.2
								Westphalian A		317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
								Marsdenian		320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
			Alportian					322 *
			Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian					323.2
			Arnsbergian					324 *
			Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean			Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				Paibian				494
		Paibian				Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian			Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				Drumian			Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian						530.7
													538.8