PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian											1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian											4.7
											Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian											9.4
											Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian									Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian											16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan			16.9
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian										18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
				Monroecreekian										23.1 *
				Geringian										24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian								Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian									Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian										Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian											46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									Early Eocene		47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean											50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
				Westphalian C				309.8
				Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B				315.2
				Westphalian A				317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2				Chokierian
			Arnsbergian				324 *
			Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8