PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of the Baltic			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian										0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian					Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean					Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean					Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Montehermosan						4.7
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Chasicoan						9.4
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
							Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian					Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian					Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Santacrucian						16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian					Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian											27.82
							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
													29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										33.9
			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Divisaderan						35.9 *
													37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
							Mustersan						41.9 *
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
							Casamayoran						47.9 *
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Riochican						56
					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Riochican						56.2
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1								60.9
		Danian											61.6
							Tiupampan						62.4 *
					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Tiupampan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian				Noginskian		Urzhumian			264.9 *
		Roadian						Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian						Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
									Filipovian		276.5 *
						Pavlovoposadian			Filipovian		276.8 *
									Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian				Sarginian	283.5
								Irginian	285.9 *
						Rusavkinian		Irginian	287.6 *
								Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian				Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian							298.9
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian					303.7
						Khamovnikian					304.8
			Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	Myachkovian		307
				Podolskian		308.9 *
				Kashirian		311.4 *
				Vereian		313.8
				Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	Melekessian		315.2
				Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Prikamian		318.6 *
				Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi	449.6 *
						Nabala	Johvi †			450 *
					Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
						Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian				Keila	Idavere †			453
						Haljala				453.9
						Kukruse				456.4 *
						Uhaku	Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku				458.4
						Lasnamagi				458.9 *
						Aseri				460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
						Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg			477.7
						Varangu			481.3 *
						Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort			485.4
									486.3 *
									486.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	504.5
													509