PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean			0.129
											Irvingtonian			0.21
			Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian												0.774
											Blancan			1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan											3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Montehermosan								Hemphillian			4.7
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Chasicoan								Clarendonian			9.4
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian												11.63
											Barstovian			12.5
			Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian											15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Santacrucian								Hemingfordian			16.3
			Colhuehuapian								Hemingfordian			17.4 *
											Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
			Tinguirirican											28.9 *
											Whitneyan			29.5
											Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian			33.9
			Divisaderan								Chadronian			35.9 *
											Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
			Mustersan											41.9 *
											Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian												47.8
			Casamayoran											47.9 *
											Wasatchian			50.5
											Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								Clarkforkian			56
			Riochican								Tiffanian			56.2
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian												61.6
			Tiupampan											62.4 *
			Tiupampan								Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		Urzhumian			264.9 *
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
							Filipovian		276.5 *
				Pavlovoposadian			Filipovian		276.8 *
							Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
				Rusavkinian			Irginian		287.6 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian					303.7
				Khamovnikian					304.8
				Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian					307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian					315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
			Protvian	324.4 *
			Steshevian	326.8 *
			Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Venevian	330.9
			Mikhailovian	331.9 *
			Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan			445.2
					Cautleyan			448.9 *
					Pusgillian			449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan				451.5 *
					Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †			504.5
														509