PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean			0.129
							Irvingtonian			0.21
			Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian								0.774
							Blancan			1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean					Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan							3.6
			Montehermosan							3.7 *
			Montehermosan				Hemphillian			4.7
			Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
			Chasicoan							7.9 *
			Chasicoan				Clarendonian			9.4
			Mayoan							9.9 *
			Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian								11.63
							Barstovian			12.5
			Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian	Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian							15.98
			Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Santacrucian				Hemingfordian			16.3
			Colhuehuapian				Hemingfordian			17.4 *
							Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
			Tinguirirican							28.9 *
							Whitneyan			29.5
							Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian			33.9
			Divisaderan				Chadronian			35.9 *
							Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian								41.2
			Mustersan							41.9 *
							Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian								47.8
			Casamayoran							47.9 *
							Wasatchian			50.5
							Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican				Clarkforkian			56
			Riochican				Tiffanian			56.2
			Itaboraian							56.9 *
			Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian								61.6
			Tiupampan							62.4 *
			Tiupampan				Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian				Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †				497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			504.5
										509