PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean						Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean						Middle Pleistocene		0.129
					Irvingtonian								0.21
			Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
					Blancan								1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Late Pliocene	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan										3.7 *
			Montehermosan		Hemphillian								4.7
			Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Chasicoan		Clarendonian								9.4
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene		11.63
					Barstovian								12.5
			Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian	Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian								Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Santacrucian		Hemingfordian								16.3
			Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian								17.4 *
					Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican										28.9 *
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian						Late Eocene		33.9
			Divisaderan		Chadronian								35.9 *
					Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian			Duchesnean						Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
			Mustersan										41.9 *
					Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran										47.9 *
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Clarkforkian						Late Paleocene		56
			Riochican		Tiffanian								56.2
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian						Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan										62.4 *
			Tiupampan		Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni			443.8
		Katian			Pirgu			445.2
					Vormsi			449.6 *
					Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
			Viru		Rakvere				450.6 *
					Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian			Keila			Idavere †	453
					Haljala				453.9
					Kukruse				456.4 *
					Uhaku			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku				458.4
					Lasnamagi				458.9 *
					Aseri				460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda				462.9 *
					Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg	477.7
					Varangu	481.3 *
					Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort			Late Cambrian		485.4
										486.3 *
				486.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian				Series 3 †		497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
													538.8