PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of North America		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Sheridanian							Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian			Sheridanian								Middle Pleistocene		0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan										0.21
			Ensenadan												0.3 *
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene		0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean									Yushean	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan												3.7 *
			Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian										4.7
			Huayquerian									Baodean			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
			Chasicoan												7.9 *
			Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
												Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian											Middle Miocene		11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
			Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									Shanwangian			13.82
		Langhian	Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
												Xiejiaan			16.9
			Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene		23.03
						Monroecreekian									23.1 *
						Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene		27.82
			Tinguirirican												28.9 *
															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								Late Eocene		33.9
			Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										35.9 *
															37
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Mustersan												41.9 *
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian											Early Eocene		47.8
			Casamayoran												47.9 *
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						Late Paleocene		56
			Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								56.2
			Itaboraian												56.9 *
			Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1						Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian											Early Paleocene		61.6
			Tiupampan												62.4 *
			Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B			300.9 *
						Stephanian A			301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A			303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian			307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
					Alportian			322 *
					Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian			323.2
					Arnsbergian			324 *
					Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
															538.8