PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian								0.129
		Calabrian								0.774
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean		Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean					Yushean			3.6
		Zanclean					Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian					Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian					Tunggurian	Cenozoic 5		11.63
		Langhian					Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian					Shanwangian			15.98
		Burdigalian					Xiejiaan			16.9
		Aquitanian					Xiejiaan			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Cenozoic 4		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Bartonian						Cenozoic 3		37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Ypresian						Cenozoic 2		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1		56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian					Cretaceous 4		100.5
			Middle Albian							106.2 *
			Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian					Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian					Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian					Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian							139.8
			Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
			Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							174.7
			Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
			Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian							208.5
			Alaunian							213.2 *
			Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †		Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian			Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan		Cambrian 3	Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran			Stage 5 †		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †				509
		Stage 4		Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran		Cambrian 2			514
				Montezuman					514.8 *
				Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1			529
										538.8