PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Villanyian					Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean								Ruscinian						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian						5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian						7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian						8.7
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							Astaracian						11.63
		Langhian								Astaracian						13.82
		Burdigalian								Orleanian						15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian						20
		Aquitanian								Agenian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian												100.5
				Middle Albian												106.2 *
				Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
				Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
				Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian												168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian												168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian												174.7
				Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
				Early Toarcian												182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian		Sevatian												208.5
				Alaunian												213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
				Griesbachian		251.4 *
				Griesbachian		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Kathwai	Dorashamian	251.902
								252.4 *
						Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Kalabagh			255 *
						Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian		259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
						Amb			266.1 *
							Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Kosovian				443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian			Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
					Dobrotivian							458.5 *
					Oretanian							459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian							470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian							477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian							Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian							Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian									489.5
					Aksaian									490.7 *
					Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Ayusokkanian									Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian		500.5	Mayan/Menevian
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan	Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan										509
				Toyonian								Lenian †		510 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian										514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian										515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian										521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian								Manykaian †		529
																538.8