PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126699 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †			Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian									Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Langhian									Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian									Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	Cenozoic 4	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene	Cenozoic 4	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	Cenozoic 3	37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene	Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	Cenozoic 2	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene	Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian										Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian										Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Cretaceous 4	100.5
		Aptian										Cretaceous 3	113
		Barremian										Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian										Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian										Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian										Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian										Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian										Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
			Planulata										179.3 *
			Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
			Kanense										181.3 *
			Carlottense										182.3 *
			Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae									Jurassic 2	184.2
			Freboldi										185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
				Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian										Jurassic 1	192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian										Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian										Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1	247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	Kathwai		251.902
									252.4 *
							Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru		Zechstein	Longtanian †		254.14
							Kalabagh					255 *
							Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian										264.28
												265.3 *
							Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian				Permian 3	Amb					266.9
		Roadian				Permian 3						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2						273.01
		Artinskian							Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian							Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian							Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian							Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean						Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian						Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Devonian 5	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Devonian 4	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Devonian 3	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Devonian 3	Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian						Devonian 1			407.6
		Pragian							Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian						Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †			Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian									Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521							Cambrian 2
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1							529
													538.8