PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of North America						Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian															100.5
			Middle Albian															106.2 *
			Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian															113
		Aptian	Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian															139.8
			Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
			Early Berriasian															142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian															168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian															168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian															174.7
			Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
			Early Toarcian															182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian	Sevatian															208.5
			Alaunian															213.2 *
			Lacian															216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian															227
		Carnian	Julian															233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian															237
		Ladinian	Fassanian															239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian															242
			Pelsonian															243.8 *
			Bithynian															244.7 *
			Aegean															245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian															247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †				298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian					429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
									Eastonian		Richmondian	449 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
									Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian											453
											Turinian		453.7 *
										Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian							Yapeenian					467.3
									Castlemainian					468.5 *
									Castlemainian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
									Bendigonian						471.8 *
									Lancefieldian						473.5 *
											Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian									Tulean				477.7
											Stairsian				480.3 *
											Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
			Warendian						482.8 *					Demingian †
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
																		538.8