PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126006 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene									15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene									23.03
									Monroecreekian					23.1 *
									Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene									37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene									37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
			Middle Albian											106.2 *
			Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian											113
		Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
			Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
			Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
			Griesbachian			251.4 *
			Griesbachian			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	Longtanian †		254.14
						Kalabagh			255 *
						Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb		266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †			445.2
		Katian		Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
				Dobrotivian						458.5 *
				Oretanian						459.7 *
					Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids							Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8