PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126138 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene						Tarantian		0.0117
				Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						Ionian		0.129
				Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Gelasian			MN 17	Early Pleistocene								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16	Late Pliocene							Tertiary †	2.58
				Piacenzian			MN 15	Late Pliocene								3.2
				Zanclean			MN 15	Early Pliocene								3.6
							MN 14									4.2
							MN 13									4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			MN 13	Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian			MN 12									7.246
							MN 11									7.75
							MN 10									8.7
							MN 9									9.7
							MN 7 + 8									11.1
				Serravallian			MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene								11.63
				Serravallian			MN 6									12.8 *
				Langhian			MN 5									13.82
				Burdigalian			MN 4	Early Miocene								15.98
							MN 3									16.9
							MN 2									20
				Aquitanian			MN 2									20.44
				Aquitanian			MN 1									22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene								33.9
				Bartonian				Middle Eocene								37.71
				Lutetian				Middle Eocene								41.2
				Ypresian				Early Eocene								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene								56
				Selandian				Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Danian				Early Paleocene								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian			66
				Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
				Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian											100.5
					Middle Albian											106.2 *
					Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian	Late Aptian											113
				Aptian	Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian	Late Berriasian											139.8
					Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
					Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										145
				Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
				Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian	Late Bajocian											168.2
				Bajocian	Early Bajocian											168.6 *
				Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian											174.7
Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
Early Toarcian					182.9 *
Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian		Wordian					264.28
			Roadian		Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian			273.01
			Kungurian				Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian				Hessian			283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian			286.1 *
			Sakmarian				Lenoxian			290.1
			Asselian				Nealian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			440.8		Cowleigh Park
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
			Katian					445.2
			Sandbian					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †			497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian		2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
																4600