PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene	Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †			Late Pliocene			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene		Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		Cenozoic 4	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene		Cenozoic 4	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene		Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene		Cenozoic 3	37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene		Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene		Cenozoic 2	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene		Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian							Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Middle Albian								106.2 *
			Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian							Cretaceous 3	119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian							Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian								139.8
			Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
			Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian								174.7
			Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Sevatian								208.5
			Alaunian								213.2 *
			Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian							Triassic 3	227
		Carnian	Julian							Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian				Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian				Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian				Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		Late Cambrian		485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian				Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Cambrian 2		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Cambrian 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					Cambrian 1		529
											538.8