PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian Subages	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean							Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan								3.6
				Montehermosan								3.7 *
				Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
				Chasicoan								7.9 *
				Mayoan								9.9 *
				Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian		Laventan								11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian		Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian								15.98
				Santacrucian								16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican								56
				Itaboraian								56.9 *
				Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian			247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Chhidru	Longtanian †	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †					504.5
												509