PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian	Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian	Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian		Ionian	Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean								Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan									3.6
					Montehermosan									3.7 *
					Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
					Chasicoan									7.9 *
					Mayoan									9.9 *
					Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian			Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian									15.98
					Santacrucian									16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican									33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan									35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan									47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran									47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican									56
					Itaboraian									56.9 *
					Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian							100.5
							Middle Albian							106.2 *
							Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian							113
		Aptian					Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian							139.8
							Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
							Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian	174.7
			Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian	208.5
			Alaunian	213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian						305.9
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
								Dobrotivian		458.5 *
								Oretanian		459.7 *
							Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								504.5
														509