PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Australia	Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian														0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian														0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan														0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan														0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †													1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean													Tertiary †	2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan														2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan														3.6
					Montehermosan														3.7 *
					Huayquerian														4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
					Chasicoan														7.9 *
					Mayoan														9.9 *
					Laventan														10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan														11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran														13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran														13.82
		Langhian			Friasian														15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian														15.98
					Santacrucian														16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian														17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian														20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan														20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican														28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican														33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan														35.9 *
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan														41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan														47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran														47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican														56
					Itaboraian														56.9 *
					Peligran														58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan														62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel		298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian			Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Bolindian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Chientangkiangian			Bolindian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
									Chientangkiangian			Eastonian			449 *
									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
													Berounian		449.7 *
												Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian													453
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
														Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		Darriwilian					458.4
													Dobrotivian				458.5 *
													Oretanian				459.7 *
														Sarka †			461.7 *
										Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian							Dapingian			Yapeenian		Klabava †			467.3
												Yapeenian	Arenigian				468
			Castlemainian									468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian						Chewtonian			470
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
									Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian									Tremadocian		477.7
											Lianghekou †			477.9 *
									Warendian		Lianghekou †			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †			497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															Stage 5 †	504.5
																			509