PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126691 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian Ages of Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian Epochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean			Cenozoic 6			0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean				Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
				Hemphillian						4.7
					Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
				Clarendonian						9.4
					Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5			11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian			Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
				Hemingfordian						16.3
				Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan					16.9
				Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4			23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
				Whitneyan						29.5
				Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian			Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan			Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian						47.8
				Wasatchian						50.5
				Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian			Cenozoic 1			56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian		Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4			100.5
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3			113
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Siegen		Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian			Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Late Cambrian			485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4					500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3	Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1					529
										538.8