PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of China		Permian of North America		Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	MN 16			Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene	MN 15					3.6
													MN 14					4.2
													MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian											MN 12					7.246
													MN 11					7.75
													MN 10					8.7
													MN 9					9.7
													MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	MN 7 + 8					11.63
		Serravallian											MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian											MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	MN 4					15.98
													MN 3					16.9
													MN 2					20
		Aquitanian											MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian											MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian												Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Stage 10						Niuchehean				487.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian						Paibian				494
		Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †				500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3		Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian		Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian		Jinnigian									530.7
																		538.8